Welcome to Bespoke Brunch Reads — a linkfest of the favorite things we read over the past week. The links are mostly market related, but there are some other interesting subjects covered as well. We hope you enjoy the food for thought as a supplement to the research we provide you during the week.

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Labor Markets

Employed in a SNAP? The Impact of Work Requirements on Program Participation and Labor Supply by Colin Gray, Adam Leive, Elena Prager, Kelsey B. Pukelis & Mary Zaki (NBER Working Papers)

Work requirements do little to increase employment among recipients, while pushing out beneficiaries who are entitled to benefits; the authors estimate that simply eliminating work requirements would be a more effective step than new programs to target low-income adults. [Link; soft paywall]

How Does the Dramatic Rise of CPS Non-Response Impact Labor Market Indicators? by Robert Bernhardt, David Munro, and Erin Wolcott (FRB Chicago/Middlebury College Working Paper)

Declining response rates for the Census Current Population Survey explain a significant share of the decline in labor force participation rates reported over the last couple of decades. [Link; 26 page PDF]

Teens

Summer Job Market for Teens Is Sweet by Patrick Thomas (WSJ)

With labor markets tight, employers are reaching down the age ladder to fill low prerequisite positions and have driven teen labor force participation to the highest levels since 2008. [Link; paywall]

Sixteen Years Old, $1.7 Million in Revenue: Max Hits It Big as a Pandemic Reseller by Sarah E. Needleman (WSJ)

Huge disruptions in supply chains and massive consumer demand have sent goods markets into a wild frenzy benefitting re-sellers and middlemen that can move quickly to arbitrage prices. [Link; paywall]

Big Shifts

On the Crisis and Inflation, Barron’s Shows How the Past Can Be Prologue by Matthew C. Klein (Barron’s)

A look at a pre-COVID analogue to the pent-up demand and tight supply chains which have sent prices of some goods soaring in recent months, using both data and the words of contemporaries in media reporting. [Link; paywall]

Farewell, Millennial Lifestyle Subsidy by Kevin Roose (NYT)

The combination of high demand, tight labor markets, and wind-downs of investor subsidies are turning the various on-demand apps which fueled a labor-intensive luxury lifestyle for young adults over the past decade into pricey options. [Link; soft paywall]

Cash Management

Banks to Companies: No More Deposits, Please by Nina Trentmann and David Benoit (WJS)

QE purchases have left the banking system flush with cash, and the liability on the other side of that asset is an ocean of deposits which have jammed bank balance sheets. [Link; paywall]

Cryptocurrency Comes to Retirement Plans as Coinbase Teams Up With 401(k) Provider by Anne Tergesen (WSJ)

A small 401(k) provider is partnering with Coinbase to allow workers to allocate up to 5% of their retirement savings to crypto assets. [Link; paywall]

Don’t Forget To Flush

This man spent last year flushing hundreds of toilets. The new fear as the pandemic wanes: Legionnaires’ disease by Elizabeth Weise (USA Today)

A side effect of emptied out buildings during the pandemic: stagnant water. Maintenance staff has spent untold hours simply running faucets and flushing toilets to prevent standing water from becoming a breeding ground for pathogens even deadlier than COVID. [Link]

Renewables

Plug In or Gas Up? Why Driving on Electricity is Better than Gasoline by David Reichmuth (The Equation)

As the US grid shifts to renewables, the emissions advantages of electric vehicles are extending their lead over gasoline-powered cars even accounting for the CO2 intensity of electrical generation. [Link]

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Have a great weekend!

Yesterday, the Federal Reserve updated its quarterly look at the balance sheets of macroeconomic sectors of the United States. One of the metrics we can use the data for is the aggregate exposure to the equity market of the household sector. In the charts below, we show the percentage of total assets and financial assets that households have put in the equity market, either via direct holdings of stocks or exposure to stocks via mutual fund ownership.

In the first chart, we show these data for the combined household and nonprofit sector. Data specific to the household sector only doesn’t go back as far, but the two different flavors of household equity exposure tell the same tale: households are highly exposed to stocks, with a record share of their financial assets and total assets sitting in the equity market at current market values.  Click here to view Bespoke’s premium membership options.

As the S&P 500 continues to trade in a relatively sideways range with a slow drift higher, we thought it would be interesting to look at years where the market saw its largest single-day gains and losses on this date in history.

Starting off with the bad, you don’t have to go back too far to find the worst June 11th for the S&P 500 as it was only last year.  After a nearly three-month rally off the March 2020 COVID lows, stocks were already starting to tread water, but on 6/11, the sellers won out as investors were forced to face reality.  The sell-off came one day after Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell highlighted the difficulties facing the American economy, saying that “the pace of recovery remains extraordinarily uncertain.” These cautious comments as well as an escalation in coronavirus infections in the southern part of the United States brought into focus the precariousness of the situation of the time and that the reopening process would not be as smooth as investors once thought. In addition, a number of political polls showed then President Donald Trump falling further behind in polls.

By the time the bell closed last year on June 11th, the VIX surged nearly 50% and closed above 40 as the S&P 500 fell 5.89%. Reopening stocks in the travel/leisure, financial, energy, and industrials sectors fell the most, but no area of the market avoided the selling stampede, as Kroger (KR) was the only stock in the S&P 500 to finish the day higher.  Last June 11th no doubt caused a lot of stress for investors at the time, but looking at the move from a longer-term perspective, it was little more than a speed bump on the road to recovery.

In contrast to last year’s June 11th plunge, the best June 11th for US stocks was more than 80 years ago in 1940. Europe was already embroiled in war and things escalated when Italy joined the war effort of the Germans by declaring war on the French and attacking a British naval base in Malta. Despite the escalation of conflict, the market confidently rallied anyway.  The reason?  For starters, it was coming off a major plunge in May following the German attack of France and other areas of Western Europe.  Besides being extremely oversold, another catalyst for the rally was an address by President Roosevelt at the University of Virginia commencement which has come to be known as the “Knife in the Back” speech. In that speech, FDR ditched his prepared comments and instead called for an end to the United States’ isolationism in response to Italy’s actions. He commented that “On this tenth day of June, 1940, the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor.”

FDR went on to stress that the US couldn’t’ continue its isolationist policy:

“Some indeed still hold to the now somewhat obvious delusion that we of the United States can safely permit the United States to become a lone island, a lone island in a world dominated by the philosophy of force.”

In reaction to FDR’s speech, the feeling on Wall Street was that the US would take on a more active role in the war effort which caused a surge in industrial, defense, and material companies that would benefit from the Allied war effort. The impact of FDR’s speech was so strong that not only did US equities surge nearly 5% on that day in 1940, but the record June 12th gain was also the following day. Again, though, the gains on 6/11 and 6/12, 1940 came following a 25%+ plunge in less than two weeks, a decline rivaling the COVID plunge in terms of both duration and magnitude.  Like the rally off the COVID lows, the equity market rallied sharply in the following weeks regaining more than three-quarters of its May decline over the following six months, but unlike the current period, the gains were fleeting as uncertainty over the war continued to act as a headwind.

Lastly, with inflation such a hot topic these days, we thought it would be fun to highlight some prices of goods in a number of ads we came across from the New York Times on that day in 1940.  Read them and weep.  Manhattan cocktails for a quarter ($4.81 in today’s dollars), dress shirts for under 2 bucks ($36 in today’s dollars), a new fridge for under $115 ($2,200 in today’s dollars), and a funeral for $150 ($2,885 in today’s dollars)?  A dignified funeral no less!  While prices are a lot higher now than they were then, so is the stock market.  Back in June 1940, the S&P was under 10.  Today, it’s 42,000% higher.  Click here to view all of Bespoke’s premium membership options.

After a sharp 7.7 percentage point rise last week, bullish sentiment as measured by the American Association of Individual Investors (AAII) weekly survey pulled back this week falling to 40.2%.  While lower, that is still a few percentage points above the levels observed throughout most of May and is roughly 2 percentage points above the historical average of 38.03%. From a contrarian perspective, the more modest readings on sentiment recently are a welcome change from the elevated readings seen earlier this spring and in the winter.

Bearish sentiment tipped back above 20% this week, though, that is still a muted reading in the bottom 5% of the past decade’s range. In fact, the current level of bearish sentiment is around 10 percentage points lower than the historical average of 30.5%.  Looking at another sentiment reading, the Investor’s Intelligence survey of newsletter writers saw bearish sentiment fall to 16.2% which is the lowest level since September.

That means sentiment continues to largely favor the bulls, but the drop in bullish sentiment was not matched by an equivalent rise in bearish sentiment. Instead, the bulk of those losses went into the neutral camp.  The percentage of investors reporting as neutral has continued to climb reaching 39.1% this week. As has been the case consistently over the past month, that is the highest level in neutral sentiment since the first few weeks of January 2020 when over 40% of respondents reported as such. Click here to view all of Bespoke’s premium membership options.

Initial jobless claims were expected to fall another 15K this week as forecasts were calling for a reading of 370K.  While claims did not live up to those expectations, they did make another move lower falling 9K to 376K.  That is now just 120K above the levels from last March, right before claims began to print in the millions.

WIth another sequential decline, seasonally adjusted claims have now fallen for six weeks in a row. That is about half of the record streak of 13 weeks long that ended in early July of last year. Outside of that streak, there have only been six other streaks as long as the current one and only two of those, one in 1980 and the other in 2013, went on for seven weeks.

Those improvements in initial claims were shared on a non-seasonally adjusted basis.  Claims from regular state programs fell below 400K for the first time since last year reaching 367.1K. Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA) also set a new low with claims totaling just 71.29K; down only about 2K from the prior week. Although that was a minuscule improvement, the PUA program has massively been unwound over the past few months as we close in on the end dates for the program in half of US states. In fact, this week will mark the exit of the program for Alaska, Iowa, Mississippi, and Missouri.  In the most recent week’s data, these four states accounted for 1.7K initial PUA claims and 72.3K continuing PUA claims, or 2.5% and 1.14%, respectively, of PUA claims nationally.

Since the start of the year, the improvements in continuing claims had been decelerating, coming to a head over the past couple of months with multiple upticks.  This week offered a sigh of relief as claims fell 258K to 3.499 million.  That was not only the biggest one-week drop since March 12th’s 282K decline, but it also brings claims to the lowest level since the week of March 20th last year.

On a non-seasonally adjusted basis and factoring in all other programs (which creates another week’s lag), the picture has been generally more positive.  The most recent week’s data through May 21st showed total claims across all programs fell from 15.473 million to 15.376 million, the lowest level of the pandemic. A small uptick in claims from regular state programs was offset by sizable drops in PUA, PEUC, and Extended Benefit claims.  Click here to view all of Bespoke’s premium membership options.